The Extermination of the American Bison

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The Extermination of the American Bison is a book by William Temple Hornaday first published in 1889 by the Government Printing Office.[1] It was reprinted from a report Hornaday wrote for the Smithsonian Institution in the years 1886 87.[2]

Extermination contains an exhaustive account of bison ecology and the story of the near-entire destruction of the bison population in the United States.[3] The book argues for the consequent necessity of protecting the small number of bison then in Yellowstone National Park.[3]

The book is divided into three parts.[4] The first relates to the habits, geographical distribution, and probable population of the bison before the European settlement of North America.[2] The second describes the extermination of the animal by industrial-scale bison hunting. It argues that the speed of extermination has been increased by unnecessary slaughter and the lack of legal protection of the bison population, among other things.[2] The third part describes the Smithsonians 1886 expedition to Montana to obtain specimens for the National Museum of Natural History before bison went extinct in North America.[2] A census of the animals known to exist in captivity on January 1, 1889, showed 256 specimens in the United States and abroad.[2]

One contemporary writer notes that a number of scholars consider Extermination to be "the first important text of the American wildlife conservation movement".[5]

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When William Temple Hornaday wrote this text for the Smithsonian Institution in 1889, the thirty million buffalo that had once roamed North America had been reduced to a few hundred. Alarmed by this decimation, Hornaday a hunter, zoologist, writer, and the Smithsonian s chief taxidermist set out for Montana to collect specimens for preservation at the Smithsonian. One of the main results of his trip was The Extermination of the American Bison, a timely recounting of the history and destruction of the buffalo, and a landmark work in early conservation advocacy.

Hornaday paints a vivid portrait of the buffalo s natural history, describing its distribution, habits, character, and  mental capacity,  as well as the history of recorded encounters with buffalo since the sixteenth century. He then provides a haunting account of the animals  slaughter, lamenting the horrific destruction of almost the entire species. His final section describes the planning, construction, and reception of the Buffalo Group, his innovative museum display of six taxidermied buffalo that was intended to serve as both a scientific record of and a national monument to a nearly lost species.

Hanna Rose Shell s insightful introduction emphasizes how Hornaday s appeal for wildlife conservation continues to resonate today. It also provides a unique window into a forgotten network of taxidermists, hunters, and animal preservationists that shaped contemporary conservation movements.

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The Extermination of the American Bison

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